Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a unique platform for numerous biotechnological processes. Their compact design allows for {highproductivity and optimal process parameters. The characteristics of the hollow fibers facilitates movement between the internal environment and the exterior solution, enabling efficient cell growth. Some commo

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) harnessing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising solution for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. This article presents a detailed performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bioreactors, examining key variables such as here perme