Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors provide a versatile platform for a broad range of applications in pharmaceutical industries. These reactors employ hollow fibers as the primary membrane to facilitate efficient separation between compartments. The special design of hollow fiber membranes enables high contact zone per unit volume, leading to enhance

Hollow fiber membranes are recognized as a versatile and effective technology for water treatment applications. These ultra-fine fibers offer a large contact zone for filtration, promoting the elimination of various contaminants from water supplies . The unique morphology of hollow fiber membranes allows for high flux rates and efficient transport

Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a unique platform for numerous biotechnological processes. Their compact design allows for {highproductivity and optimal process parameters. The characteristics of the hollow fibers facilitates movement between the internal environment and the exterior solution, enabling efficient cell growth. Some commo

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) harnessing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising solution for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. This article presents a detailed performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bioreactors, examining key variables such as here perme